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Simplifying division

The quotient does not change if you divide both numbers by the same factor. That gives division its laziest technique: make both numbers smaller before you calculate anything at all.

150 ÷ 30 = 15 ÷ 3 = 5

Both numbers end in a zero, so strike one zero off each. What is left comes straight from the times table. If both end in two zeros, strike two off each: 4200 ÷ 600 = 42 ÷ 6 = 7.

The same works when the numbers do not both end in zero but still share a common factor:

96 ÷ 12 = 24 ÷ 3 = 8

Both are divisible by four, so divide both by four. 96 ÷ 12 takes some thinking, 24 ÷ 3 comes straight from the times table. The divisibility rules help you spot a common factor.

Subtraction has a technique built on exactly the same idea: constant difference. There you shift both numbers by the same amount and the difference does not change; here you divide both by the same factor and the quotient does not change.

Do not confuse it with factorising the divisor. There you divide the dividend alone, twice in a row, and the answer only appears at the second step. Here you divide both at once and the quotient is the same all the way through.

Practise

The exercise shows the reduced divisor and asks what the dividend becomes. The second step then comes straight from the times table. Half the tasks let you strike off a zero; in the other half you divide both numbers by the same factor, and the reduced divisor you are given tells you which one.

Mental arithmetic techniques

Addition and subtraction

• Number bonds to tenThe foundation of mental arithmetic. Learn the five pairs and practise them right here.
• Bridging through tenWhen a sum goes past ten, always stop at ten on the way. Make the first number up to ten and add the rest.
• Adding from the leftIn your head you add starting from the largest place value, not from the smallest as you do on paper. Start with the tens of the second number.
• Subtracting in partsTake the tens off, then the units. The same move as in addition, only in the other direction.
• Subtracting by counting upInstead of borrowing, count up from the smaller number. The first step always uses a number bond to ten.
• Round and adjustWhen a number you add or the number you take away sits just below a round one, compute with the round one and fix it at the end. Take away when adding, add back when subtracting.
• Constant differenceShift both numbers by the same amount until the number being taken away is round. The difference does not change and no correction is needed.

Multiplication

• Multiplying by eightThree doublings in a row, and you get the twos and the fours for free along the way.
• Squares as anchorsLearn the nine squares by heart and use them to reach the neighbouring products. The hardest corner of the times table sits right next to the squares.
• Multiplying by nineReally just multiplying by ten and subtracting once.
• Multiplying in partsSplit the bigger factor into its tens and its units, multiply each separately, then add.
• Multiplying two-digit numbersSplit one factor and multiply the other factor by each part. Nothing new here, just one more layer.
• Rounding in multiplicationMultiply by the nearby round number and correct afterwards. The correction is the gap times the other factor.
• Halving and doublingMultiplying by five is multiplying by ten and halving. Halving one factor while doubling the other leaves the product unchanged.
• Multiplying by elevenPull the digits of a two-digit number apart and put their sum in the middle. When the sum goes past nine, only its units digit goes in the middle and one is carried to the left-hand digit.
• Squaring any two-digit numberChoose the nearest multiple of ten. Move one factor to it and the other the same distance in the opposite direction, multiply the new factors, and add the square of the shift.
• Difference of two squaresWhen two factors sit the same distance from a round number, square the number halfway between them and subtract the square of the distance.
• Squaring numbers ending in fiveDrop the final five, multiply what is left by the next number up, and put 25 on the end. For example, 35 squared: 3 × 4 = 12 and 25 on the end, giving 1225.

Division

• Dividing in partsDivision is a multiplication question asked backwards. Split a bigger dividend into parts that divide easily.
• Division with a remainderWhen a division does not come out exactly, the answer is a quotient and a remainder. A round multiple of the divisor alone already tells you roughly how big the answer is.
• Halving in divisionDividing by four is two halvings, by eight it is three. Dividing by five is doubling and then dividing by ten.
• Factorising the divisorWhen the divisor breaks down into factors, divide twice in a row, each time by a number smaller than the divisor. Dividing by six is dividing by two and then by three.
• Simplifying divisionDivide both numbers by the same factor. The quotient stays the same and you carry on with smaller numbers.
• Divisibility rulesBefore dividing, you can see almost at a glance whether the division will come out exactly.

Checking

• Estimating the answerRound, get a rough answer, and only then work it out exactly. That way a big mistake does not slip through.
• Casting out ninesReduce every number to a single digit by repeatedly adding its digits. If an addition or multiplication is right, it must also be right for the reduced forms.

Mental arithmetic